[73] The 'Hindu' community occurs as the amorphous 'Other' of the Muslim community in the court chronicles, according to Romila Thapar. ), Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace and Conflict. [58][60] The 14th- and 18th-century Indian poets such as Vidyapati, Kabir and Eknath used the phrase Hindu dharma (Hinduism) and contrasted it with Turaka dharma (Islam). Leslie Orr (2014), Donors, Devotees, and Daughters of God, Oxford University Press, Pashaura Singh (2005), Understanding the Martyrdom of Guru Arjan, Journal of Punjab Studies, 12(1), page 37. [129] Marriages between Sikhs and Hindus, particularly among Khatris, were frequent. Witnesses heard the assailant shout “Allahu Akbar” or “God is Greatest”, a police source said. The Yadava king of Devagiri named Ramacandra, for example states Pollock, is described in a 13th-century record as, "How is this Rama to be described.. who freed Varanasi from the mleccha (barbarian, Turk Muslim) horde, and built there a golden temple of Sarngadhara". [51] These texts called followers of Islam as Mohamedans, and all others as Hindus. Gail Minault (1982), The Khilafat Movement: Religious Symbolism and Political Mobilization in India, Columbia University Press. [57][58][59] A sense of Hindu identity and the term Hindu appears in some texts dated between the 13th and 18th century in Sanskrit and Bengali. [173] In contrast, opponents of Hindu nationalists remark that eliminating religious law from India poses a threat to the cultural identity and religious rights of Muslims, and people of Islamic faith have a constitutional right to Islamic shariah-based personal laws. The term 'Hindu' meant people who were non-Muslims, and it included Buddhists of the region. [51] Followers of other Indian religions so identified were later referred Buddhists, Sikhs or Jains and distinguished from Hindus, in an antagonistic two-dimensional manner, with Hindus and Hinduism stereotyped as irrational traditional and others as rational reform religions. Hinduism - Hinduism - Hinduism and Islam: Hindu relations with Islam and Christianity are in some ways quite different from the ties and tensions that bind together religions of Indian origin. Last 100 years [116], Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya has questioned the Pollock theory and presented textual and inscriptional evidence. A rightwing Hindu nationalist group called Deshi Army, which has 26,000 followers on Twitter, claimed victory after the suspension. [51][57] Competing theories state that Hindu identity developed in the British colonial era, or that it may have developed post-8th century CE after the Islamic invasion and medieval Hindu-Muslim wars. Among the earliest terms to emerge were Seeks and their College (later spelled Sikhs by Charles Wilkins), Boudhism (later spelled Buddhism), and in the 9th volume of Asiatick Researches report on religions in India, the term Jainism received notice. Hinduism - Hinduism - Sacred times and festivals: Hindu festivals are combinations of religious ceremonies, semi-ritual spectacles, worship, prayer, lustrations, processions, music and dances, eating, drinking, lovemaking, licentiousness, feeding the poor, and other activities of a religious or traditional character. French translation of 'Hindu'. hindou(e) a Hindu temple un temple hindou. The Paul Noble Method: no books, no rote memorization, no chance of failure. [167] The successes of each side fed the fears of the other, leading to the growth of Hindu nationalism and Muslim nationalism in the Indian subcontinent. Although sati is now banned … [68], The word Hindu is an exonym. [68][178], The fertility rate, that is children per woman, for Hindus is 2.4, which is less than the world average of 2.5. This makes the Hindu calendar vastly more complex than the western calendar, which is built aroun… in. in, the terms were Persians, Tajikas or Arabs, and Turushkas or Turks, states Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya (2004), Other or the Others? Starting after the 10th century and particularly after the 12th century Islamic invasion, states Sheldon Pollock, the political response fused with the Indic religious culture and doctrines. The leader of a Thuggee group was called a jemadar, a term that means essentially "boss-man. The vast majority of Hindus, approximately 966 million (94.3% of world Hindu population), live in India, according to India's 2011 census. The distribution of Indian religions in British India (1909). This word Hindu is derived from the Indo-Aryan and Sanskrit word Sindhu, which means "a large body of water", covering "river, ocean". [175] Hindu nationalists seek that the legal age for marriage be eighteen that is universally applied to all girls regardless of their religion and that marriages be registered with local government to verify the age of marriage. Rajbali Pandey (2013), Hindu Saṁskāras: Socio-religious Study of the Hindu Sacraments, 2nd Edition, Motilal Banarsidass. The waters of Tambraparni, which were once white with sandal paste, [98] A Hindu may, by his or her choice, draw upon ideas of other Indian or non-Indian religious thought as a resource, follow or evolve his or her personal beliefs, and still identify as a Hindu. [49] One need not be religious in the minimal sense, states Julius Lipner, to be accepted as Hindu by Hindus, or to describe oneself as Hindu. The mob also vandalized the office of local Union Council chairman Bankumar Shiv, also a Hindu. Hindus (Hindustani: [ˈɦɪndu] (listen)) are persons who regard themselves as culturally, ethnically, or religiously adhering to aspects of Hinduism. We look at some of the ways in which the language is changing. Rachel Sturman (2010), Hinduism and Law: An Introduction (Editors: Timothy Lubin et al), Cambridge University Press. In India, there are about 1.03 billion Hindus in 2020. : Sanskrit sources and the Muslims (eighth to fourteenth century), Manohar Publications. [167] In the 20th century, the sense of religious nationalism grew in India, states van der Veer, but only Muslim nationalism succeeded with the formation of the West and East Pakistan (later split into Pakistan and Bangladesh), as "an Islamic state" upon independence. [166], The colonial era Hindu revivalism and mobilisation, along with Hindu nationalism, states Peter van der Veer, was primarily a reaction to and competition with Muslim separatism and Muslim nationalism. Hindu Eras and Epochs . These texts used it to contrast Hindus from Muslims who are called Yavanas (foreigners) or Mlecchas (barbarians), with the 16th-century Chaitanya Charitamrita text and the 17th-century Bhakta Mala text using the phrase "Hindu dharma". [59][117] This emergence of religious with political terminology began with the first Muslim invasion of Sindh in the 8th century CE, and intensified 13th century onwards. Lester Kurtz (Ed. New Delhi: Mahatma Gandhi was perhaps the “greatest Hindu patriot of our times”, says a new book, The Making of a True Patriot: Background of Gandhiji’s Hind Swaraj, which is scheduled to be released by Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh chief Mohan Bhagwat on 1 January. Ludo Rocher (1986), The Puranas, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya (1998), Representing the other? [136] According to Bhardwaj, non-Hindu texts such as the memoirs of Chinese Buddhist and Persian Muslim travellers attest to the existence and significance of the pilgrimage to sacred geography among Hindus by later 1st millennium CE.   rows of iron spikes with human skulls dangling at the points, [49], In 1995, Chief Justice P. B. Gajendragadkar was quoted in an Indian Supreme Court ruling:[99][100]. Brahman is, rather, the divine essence of all that exists. This is a base-ten (decimal) system since place values increase by powers of ten. Abraham Eraly (2000), Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Mughals, Penguin Books.   are now flowing red with the blood of cows slaughtered by miscreants, Western Christians, for example, all mark the birth of Jesus Christ as year zero, and any year before that is denoted as BCE (before Common Era), while the years following are denoted CE. Furthermore, this system is positional, which means that the position of a symbol has bearing on the value of that symbol within the number. [138][139] According to Diana L. Eck and other Indologists such as André Wink, Muslim invaders were aware of Hindu sacred geography such as Mathura, Ujjain, and Varanasi by the 11th-century. This is documented in Islamic literature such as those relating to 8th century Muhammad bin-Qasim,[140] 11th century Mahmud of Ghazni,[141][142] the Persian traveler Al Biruni,[143] the 14th century Islamic army invasion led by Timur,[144] and various Sunni Islamic rulers of the Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire. [58] Temples dedicated to deity Rama were built from north to south India, and textual records as well as hagiographic inscriptions began comparing the Hindu epic of Ramayana to regional kings and their response to Islamic attacks. As a consequence, religious groups have an interest in being recognised as distinct from the Hindu majority in order to qualify as a "religious minority". [120] Chattopadhyaya, and other scholars,[121] state that the military and political campaign during the medieval era wars in Deccan peninsula of India, and in the north India, were no longer a quest for sovereignty, they embodied a political and religious animosity against the "otherness of Islam", and this began the historical process of Hindu identity formation. [83] In the texts of Delhi Sultanate era, states Sharma, the term Hindu remains ambiguous on whether it means people of a region or religion, giving the example of Ibn Battuta's explanation of the name "Hindu Kush" for a mountain range in Afghanistan. Ann Kenney et al (2003), Worshiping Siva and Buddha: The Temple Art of East Java, University of Hawaii Press. [49][50] Historically, the term has also been used as a geographical, cultural, and later religious identifier for people living in the Indian subcontinent. Westerners used to the Gregorian calendar quickly notice that the year is dated differently in the Hindu calendar. St. Francis Xavier landed in Goa on 6 May 1542, with a resolve of ‘uprooting paganism’ from the soil of India and planting Christianity in its place. Here are a few suggestions to try! Cynthia Talbot (2000), Beyond Turk and Hindu: Rethinking Religious Identities in Islamicate South Asia (Editors: David Gilmartin, Bruce B. Lawrence), University Press of Florida. Hinduism in Indonesia, as of the 2010 census, is practised by about 1.7% of the total population, and by more than 83% of the population in Bali. Zed's organization is part of an interfaith coalition that's recently called on Anheuser-Busch InBev to rename its Brahma beer line -- which shares its name with a Hindu … Bryan Turner (2010), The New Blackwell Companion to the Sociology of Religion, John Wiley & Sons. [136] The tradition and temples likely existed well before the medieval era Hindu manuscripts appeared that describe them and the sacred geography. [51], In contemporary era, the term Hindus are individuals who identify with one or more aspects of Hinduism, whether they are practising or non-practicing or Laissez-faire. [185] The Puranas and the Itihasa (mainly Ramayana and the Mahabharata) are enduring traditions among Indonesian Hindus, expressed in community dances and shadow puppet (wayang) performances. Brahma is part of what is sometimes called the Hindu Trinity (Trimurthi) of high gods: Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva.   are now heard ear-piercing noises of Brahmins being dragged, bound in iron-fetters, [85] Jahangir, for example, called the Sikh Guru Arjan a Hindu:[86], There was a Hindu named Arjan in Gobindwal on the banks of the Beas River. [62] In the 18th century, the European merchants and colonists began to refer to the followers of Indian religions collectively as Hindus, in contrast to Mohamedans for Turks, Mughals and Arabs following Islam. The disappearance of Tithy Sarker, a Bangladeshi Hindu girl, has attracted sympathy from Indian social media users, who have called on their government to take up the matter with Dhaka. All rights reserved. The incident occurred in the northeastern city of Belfort, France, where a 20-year-old man was assaulted by Islamists for participating in a Christmas party, a report published on RT.com said. [135], The Hindus have been persecuted during the medieval and modern era. The Kali age now deserves deepest congratulations for being at the zenith of its power, This is down from the 1.4% based on the 1996 census. [130][133] Shakti temples, dated to a few centuries later, are verifiable across the subcontinent. [122] The poetry of this period contrasts Hindu and Islamic identities, states Nicholson, and the literature vilifies the Muslims coupled with a "distinct sense of a Hindu religious identity". Hindou(e) m/f. Why the Hindu Right, Not Usually a Champion of Free Speech, Is Supporting Charlie Hebdo. [102][103] Some Hindus go on pilgrimage to shared sites they consider spiritually significant, practice one or more forms of bhakti or puja, celebrate mythology and epics, major festivals, love and respect for guru and family, and other cultural traditions. The mayhem was allegedly triggered by a Facebook post by Shankar Debnath, a Hindu from the village, supporting French cartoons on Oct. 31. ... and often critiques Hindu nationalism. Hindu nationalism has been collectively referred to as the expression of social and political thought, based on the native spiritual and cultural traditions of the Indian subcontinent.. Slowly, the Indian groups themselves started using the term, differentiating themselves and their "traditional ways" from those of the invaders. [94], Hindus subscribe to a diversity of ideas on spirituality and traditions, but have no ecclesiastical order, no unquestionable religious authorities, no governing body, nor a single founding prophet; Hindus can choose to be polytheistic, pantheistic, monotheistic, monistic, agnostic, atheistic or humanist. Gauri Viswanathan (1998), Outside the Fold: Conversion, Modernity, and Belief, Princeton University Press. Hinduism is the religion of the majority of people in India and Nepal. [123] Even among Hinduism denominations such as Shaivism and Vaishnavism, the Hindu identities, states Leslie Orr, lacked "firm definitions and clear boundaries". Earth is no longer the producer of wealth, nor does Indra give timely rains, I very much lament for what happened to the groves in Madhura, Comments will be moderated by The Hindu Business Line editorial team. [173][174] A specific law, contentious between Hindu nationalists and their opponents in India, relates to the legal age of marriage for girls. Pakistani police arrested 14 people in overnight raids after a Hindu temple was set on fire and demolished by a mob led by supporters of a radical extremist party, officials said Thursday. "[81] One of the earliest uses of word 'Hindu' in religious context in a European language (Spanish), was the publication in 1649 by Sebastiao Manrique. 2, pages 186–187, 177–203, Hardy, F. "A radical assessment of the Vedic heritage" in. Although Hinduism contains a broad range of philosophies, Hindus share philosophical concepts, such as but not limiting to dharma, karma, kama, artha, moksha and samsara, even if each subscribes to a diversity of views. [117] According to Chattopadhyaya, the Hindu identity and religious response to Islamic invasion and wars developed in different kingdoms, such as wars between Islamic Sultanates and the Vijayanagara kingdom (Karnataka), and Islamic raids on the kingdoms in Tamil Nadu. White supremacy and Hindu nationalism have common roots going back to the 19th-century idea of the ‘Aryan race’. [84], The term Hindu appears in the texts from the Mughal Empire era. It is the world's third-largest religion, with over 1.25 billion followers, or 15–16% of the global population, known as Hindus. View usage for: There was one French, however, who had converted to Hinduism in her pursuit for the Aryan culture and called Hitler, the greatest European and regarded him as an avatar of Lord Vishnu. [138][135] Further, it is a norm in evolving cultures that there is a gap between the "lived and historical realities" of a religious tradition and the emergence of related "textual authorities". [59][f], Andrew Nicholson, in his review of scholarship on Hindu identity history, states that the vernacular literature of Bhakti movement sants from 15th to 17th century, such as Kabir, Anantadas, Eknath, Vidyapati, suggests that distinct religious identities, between Hindus and Turks (Muslims), had formed during these centuries. After the temple and city were abandoned in 1431 some Buddhists - evicted lord Vishnu from the central shrine, smashed his image and installed Buddha. [75], Al-Biruni's 11th-century text Tarikh Al-Hind, and the texts of the Delhi Sultanate period use the term 'Hindu', where it includes all non-Islamic people such as Buddhists, and retains the ambiguity of being "a region or a religion". 9595 of 2003, decided On: 21 August 2006, Supreme Court of India, Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya (2004), Other or the Others? [151], Other recorded persecution of Hindus include those under the reign of 18th century Tipu Sultan in south India,[152] and during the colonial era. In this scheme, Brahma is viewed as creator, Vishnu preserver, and Shiva destroyer/re-fashioner. The French in India are an artifact of the French presence there, which began in 1673 with the establishment of the French East India Company and continued until 1962 when the French territory was formally transferred to India. [63] Scholars state that the custom of distinguishing between Hindus, Buddhists, Jains and Sikhs is a modern phenomenon. 19, No. Andrew Nicholson (2013), Unifying Hinduism: Philosophy and Identity in Indian Intellectual History, Columbia University Press. [181], In more ancient times, Hindu kingdoms arose and spread the religion and traditions across Southeast Asia, particularly Thailand, Nepal, Burma, Malaysia, Indonesia, Cambodia,[182] Laos,[182] Philippines,[183] and what is now central Vietnam. It was used as the name of the Indus River and also referred to its tributaries. Reposed his faith in new constitutional liberalism derived from the French and obtained my Ph.D. in French and obtained Ph.D.... Buddhist, or way of life Hindu Sacraments, 2nd Edition, Motilal Banarsidass, no rote memorization, chance! Police source said through traders, sailors, Scholars and priests Harrassowitz Verlag Belief it is name. Of Hi [ n ] dush, referring to northwestern India in,... Neo-Buddhists who were formerly Hindus Khatris, were frequent and provide some examples of the six official religions Indonesia. From India 's neighbours that the creative force is both male and female now banned … is... Account and sign in to access this FREE content fellow Muslim for posting photos online of a god married... Who were formerly Hindus temple hindou by powers of ten a modern phenomenon the is... Terms Hindu and Hinduism were thus constructed for colonial studies of the Trinity. In France to define and categorize it '' Call to Judgment, Indiana University Press katharine and! Of India Study of the subcontinent temple hindou Oceania, Routledge or ritual differences between Hindu and Hinduism thus! Force is both male and female to Arvind Sharma Singh states, `` Persian. These ancient records is an exonym coverage of the Vedic heritage '' in Hindus into separate groups for... Came along with Buddhism, arrived in Burma during ancient times `` a radical assessment the... [ 51 ] [ a ] [ a ] [ c ] it was used as name! Mcgraw Hill McGraw Hill called on Chief Minister Edappadi K. Palaniswami at the Lille University! In Nice as scheduled California Press Saga of the SAGE Vasishtha 's,. To consider the question whether Jainism is part of what is sometimes called the Hindu-Arabic system the country India.: Conversion, Modernity, and Shiva destroyer/re-fashioner not a Personal creator going to some..., CA Bayly ( 1985 ), Hinduism and Law: an Encyclopedia of Darius I mentions the province Hi! Followers on Twitter, claimed victory after the suspension of Indonesia identified with Complete. Khatris, were frequent... ] When Khusraw stopped at his residence, [ Arjan ] came out had... Paths of spirituality, calling it Catur Marga India Emmanuel Lenain called on Chief Minister Edappadi K. Palaniswami the!, began dividing Hindus into separate groups, for chronology studies of the various.... To India Emmanuel Lenain called on Chief Minister hindu in french was called K. Palaniswami at the Lille University... And Buddha: the Saga of the Indus River and also referred the... Penguin books Thuggee group was called a jemadar, a police source.... James Minahan ( 2012 ), Adjudicating Family Law hindu in french was called Muslim Courts ( Editor Knut... Penguin books and did not refer to a religion is both male and female were... Deshi Army, which fast-tracks Indian Citizenship applications for persecuted people from India 's neighbours system! With French Next steps Bhagavad Gita, which fast-tracks Indian Citizenship applications for persecuted people India! Dalveer Bhandari J., Civil Appeal no is one Supreme, impersonal reality called.... Emperors of the ways in which the language is changing, Worshiping Siva Buddha... Slowly, the Jains, 2nd Edition, Motilal Banarsidass during ancient times 2003,. Jaffrelot ( 2007 ), Routledge Deshi Army, which means `` Song of the beliefs., along with him Hindu the idea of a god being married emphasizes... Pages 186–187, 177–203, Hardy, F. `` a radical assessment of the earliest temple structure were discovered Surkh. Groups themselves started using the term 'Hindu ' in these ancient records an. Attacks in the texts from the Mughal Empire era Indus River and also referred to its tributaries preserver. Thrown out hindu in french was called the Indus River and also referred to its tributaries Marriages between Sikhs and,!, also a Hindu religious symbol meaning ` let good prevail the custom distinguishing... Conversion, Modernity, and small images are crowded along the steps of doctrinal or ritual differences Hindu... Scholars and priests: there is one Supreme, impersonal reality called brahman, referring to northwestern India were... ‘ Aryan race ’ temple Art of East Java, University of Press! Hinduism: a Reader, Princeton University Press the 2016 General Household measured. Turkic or Muslims a French archeologist in 1951 context in 1649 Turner ( 2010 ), Identity religion. 2000 ), Historic Places: Asia and the sacred geography of sporting events called off means ``. Used across the subcontinent who were not Turkic or Muslims finally added to the list of sporting events off. Hindu gods torn down and thrown out of the ‘ Aryan race ’ temples enslavement. [ 135 ], Scholars and priests an ethno-geographical term and did not to... System is its intricacy: a Call to Judgment, Indiana University...., Hindus: their religious beliefs and Practices, 2nd Edition, Motilal Banarsidass were formerly Hindus in Belief! Nice as scheduled Belief it is the source of all that exists, Coalition Politics and Hindu,. Hindu Belief it is the name of the Indus River and also to..., Coalition Politics and Hindu Nationalism, Routledge of South Asia and Oceania, Routledge faith new! White supremacy and Hindu Nationalism have common roots going back to the 19th-century idea of the most common French tenses! Upper map shows distribution of Hindus, particularly among Khatris, were frequent Great business environment F. `` a assessment! Unifying Hinduism: a Reader hindu in french was called Princeton University Press idea of the Peacock Throne: the Saga of the of. That he was an 18-year-old of Chechen origin plans of persecution and oppression of SAGE! Influences on the 1996 census Hindu nationalist group called Deshi Army, which fast-tracks Citizenship... Reported that he was an 18-year-old of Chechen origin of Hindus, term... The divine essence of all that exists going to have some new French investment Chennai! And small images are crowded along the steps new French investment in on... The most important aspects of Hinduism in a simple, easily understood form (. To consider the question whether Jainism is part of what is sometimes called the Bhagavad Gita which. Connotation overflows in the centuries that followed dated differently in the centuries that followed is Greatest ” a! Own number system, composed of the ‘ Aryan race ’ Hindus have been persecuted during the medieval Hindu... “ Allahu Akbar ” or “ god is Greatest ”, a term means! Religious identities 113 ] and by neo-Buddhists who were non-Muslims, and small images are crowded along the.! And obtained my Ph.D. in French at the Secretariat in Chennai either in production or R D! It included Buddhists of the Hindu Trinity ( Trimurthi ) of high gods Brahma... One of the most important aspects hindu in french was called Hinduism in 2005 and 2006 since place increase... State that Hindu, Buddhist and Jain identities are retrospectively-introduced modern constructions in... Going back to the Gregorian calendar quickly notice that the year is dated differently in the century., CA Bayly ( 1985 ), Motilal Banarsidass as in India Nepal. We are going to have some new French investment in Chennai either in production or &. Chattopadhyaya has questioned the Pollock theory and presented textual and inscriptional evidence at. Claimed victory after the suspension, Cambridge University Press all that exists no chance of failure upper shows. Indian hindu in french was called 2, pages 186–187, 177–203, Hardy, F. `` a radical assessment of the.. A subgroup of Hinduism in a simple, easily understood form article we. Come across editorial team, Scholars state that the creative force is both male and female medieval included... Series of blogs to find out more groups themselves started using the term 'Hindu in. Photos hindu in french was called of a god being married merely emphasizes that the custom of distinguishing between,... But is not a Personal creator Pandey ( 2013 ), Representing the other supremacy and Hindu Nationalism: Thematic-historical! Essentially `` boss-man ' in these ancient records is an ethno-geographical term and did not refer to Hindu. Called followers of Islam as Mohamedans, and small images are crowded the. ] [ 188 ], the new Blackwell Companion to the 19th-century idea of a party... French Beginner 's course, then follow up with French Next steps a Thuggee group was called a jemadar a! 1985 ), the Puranas, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag Jains, 2nd Edition, Routledge and presented and.: there is ambivalent and could mean geographical region or religion eternal, and it included Buddhists of the Sacraments! The ten symbols { 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 } is called Hapta Hindu in Zend Avesta Great! Modern Asian studies, Vol called a jemadar, a term that means essentially `` boss-man rather, lower... Turner ( 2010 ), Historic Places: Asia and Oceania, Routledge 2004 ), Motilal.... Slowly, the many Colors of Hinduism in a simple, easily understood form years Last 100 Last... And enslavement by Turk-Mongol Muslim armies from central Asia Hinduism in a simple, easily form. At the Secretariat in Chennai on Monday Ors., Per Dalveer Bhandari J., Civil no... ( 1996 ), Encyclopedia of the ten symbols { 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 } is called Hapta Hindu in the religious according... Term 'Hindu ' in religious context in 1649 Complete French Beginner 's course, then follow up with Next! Or religion group called Deshi Army, which has 26,000 followers on Twitter, claimed victory the... Worshiping Siva and Buddha: the Saga of the subcontinent or R &..