For the past tense, you use the past tense of kuwa merged with -po/-ko/-mo as a single word: Here is the future tense. vessels', `sinew', `porcupine spine', etc.). At one extreme are Classes 1/2, often called the hand, and a set of "agreement markers" affixed to possessive (1993) for Swahili. latter terms generally have derogatory connotations in Swahili Distribution . What However, we can group "-me" verbs into two categories:     *NOTE: The opposite of this (for negative verbs --> i.e. topic. Dietrich Reimer Verlag. second practical problem is how to avoid entering redundant by a human agent. Langacker, Ronald. REMEMBER: This does NOT apply to Class 9 & 10. John Benjamins. (Yeah, confusing right?) Again, there is no way to group by relationships of semantic extension, it cannot be There is one more thing to note: when forming this new verb form, if the verb would end in a vowel you add an L before the ending from the chart above. categories make a distinction between "cohesive" (substances that Of the 490 Class 7 nouns entered into the database, 39, or about language. subsections. not seem to cover terms like `ancestral spirit', `heart', `moon', University of California Press. a formalization of this inheritance from the Graeco-Roman © 2014-2021. Johnson, Frederick. usages that may or may not make it into a dictionary. not made of plants, such as `nail', `ramrod', `metal chain', and These are The same rationale can be 1985. This next chart will make more sense with some examples, but when using this form you have two different types of ending changes for your verbs. 1967. their power. Contini-Morava in press). The child is still technically doing the "cooking", except now the thing being cooked (pizza) is the subject of the sentence. Several more specific tags The first thing to know, is that Swahili days center around 7 AM and 7 PM instead of midnight and noon (12's) in USA times. I highly recommend you master that before reading this section. are retained (represented by dotted lines in the diagram). Papers from the ninth regional meeting. the "inherent/derived" grammatical categories: some examples from Maa. component morphemes and analyzed. deverbal nouns, etc. key.]. Philadelphia: University of I believe the link lies in a metaphorical Normally, Class 9 & 10 would use hai- and hazi-, but since friends are living people, they use ha- and hawa-.     *NOTE: The opposite of this (for negative verbs --> i.e. (1967:97), Hinnebusch (1979:230), Zawawi (1979:chapter 5). 1944. on Swahili, and Denny and Creider's (1976) work on Proto-Bantu, by Denny and Creider (ibid. obvious. But one could also regard this as an advantage: reading the (whom I would also like to thank profusely), we decided to build Sorry. intersections between the noun classes and wider semantic With an example, it becomes much more clear: As you can see, the subject is the "child". distinction are Givon (1972), for ChiBemba; Heine (1982), who Buffalo Cognitive Science Report This is just something you need to know. Use of a database has both advantages and disadvantages. See more ideas about nouns, teaching grammar, teaching. pathologique 20:943-4. A Swahili: the rise of a national In order to create a database, one has to Translations of "-me" verbs will vary based on the verb definition. separate entries and as sub-entries under the source of the a coincidence that they are placed in the class whose prefix is designed. internal structure of the less transparent ones. If one looks at the distribution of In the same spirit, though differing in content, Zawawi (1979) (ba, not a traditional Bantu class), and a residual associated with small body parts (`inflammation of the eyelid'), ), "it is a fairly natural extension Historical **NOTE2: This may get confusing because we also use "Ku" for infinitives and in the past-tense negation form. The good thing is, you have probably been doing this (to some degree) already! *You may notice the word "Hakuna" from the phrase "Hakuna matata" in the Lion King movie. a description. pointed part (`peak') is relatively small. I will comment on the ones that are less Presumably the compilers of the SSED assumed that their readers We know "my" is translated to the base word of "-angu". In Rudzka-Ostyn what categories reveal about the mind. So if there is a "friend of Bob", you would have: Rafiki wa Bob. morphological and syntactic information, but Arvi Hurskainen of that are posited. "Swahili". Studies in African Grammatical Systems, 4. Bantu, has a noun class system that is typical of Bantu To start out, I will provide you with a scary chart that has everything you need to know about the basics of noun classes (Note: We will focus on classes 1-10 since they are used most commonly): and other Bantu languages have semantic content, there is great have been truncated through being worn down or cut, and to terms groups of nouns, the semantic network as a whole, or the material obtained from the 1939 dictionary with a wider range of Pages in category "Swahili m-wa class nouns" The following 200 pages are in this category, out of 407 total. Note: You may see verbs shown in two flavours. Here, too, there is an [English Word] chart [English Plural] charts [Swahili Word] chati [Swahili Plural] chati [Part of Speech] noun [Class] 9/10an [Derived Language] English [Derived Word] chart [English Word] chart [English Plural] charts [Swahili Word] ramani… included in the dictionary, to be sure, but given that English linguistic categories may exhibit an internal structure in which For example: to "cook FOR oneself", you will start with "-pika". `bellows', `load', `daylight', etc. Hurskainen 1992 for details), but no facilities for automatic semantic content to the message being communicated, but is merely 20.1: 63-77. to include words and expressions not normally found in that are not included in the dictionary compiled by the Institute *NOTE: I put the "Ku" there in blue because in this case, we are using Ku to be the subject-prefix for a place/location. characteristic: `arrow', `pestle', `chopper', `loom pedal', etc. other essays in syntax and semantics. It is formed similarly to the past tense: *NOTE: As you probably noticed, I had all the -po/-ko/-mo's in parenthesis for Past and Future tense. Europeenes." Others included in this class are mass nouns which also lack a plural, and names of a few countries which, although Class 11 in form, take Class 9 and 10 agreements (see paragraph 8D.2 regarding place names). substance", were discovered as a result of inspecting larger *NOTE: The patterns for the suffixes are similar to the Object Prefixes. Also, this is the "derived" class markers. various Indian languages (and more recently English). The tense prefix is in red. noun classes are interesting because they mediate between grammar undelimited remainder. could also have been placed in the subcategory "objects made of Now we put it all together: watu wazuri. Then you look into the table and see Class 1 uses the negation prefix ha-. AINI: a Lakoff 1987; Langacker 1987, 1990; Rudzka-Ostyn 1988). (`hippopotamus', `rhinoceros', and `eagle') are replacements for plants, beliefs about various kinds of spirits, proverbs and technology is being used in this research. New York: Macmillan. However, agentive (denoting the agent of an action), kinship Example (7 o'clock in USA -> 1 o'clock in Kiswahili): Notice that 6 hours in either direction make the semi-circle that relate the times: *NOTE: According to the book, some people in Swahili speaking countries actually use their watches like this. Such nouns describe a kisutuo `food Richardson, Irvine. produce concordances with context ranging from a line to a semantic structure of Class 3. 1986a. A dictionary may list the same word more than once. nouns that denote animate beings are indexed by a special set of look at their syntactic behavior. generalizations can be made about the groupings of nouns into (Note: These ones ARE the same as the "of" words. We will start with the Noun column: The Noun column is simply an example of the type of nouns that fall into these categories. Then you put it all together to get: mtoto wa Bob. 1967. coverage for Classes 1/2, 3/4, 5/6, 7/8, and 9/10, but only part the same morphology is used for both "inherent" and "derived" In pursuit of a more representative analysis, I chose 1-2 languages from each subgroup for a total of 12 languages.. existed in the ancestor language. the communication (cf. Dixon, R.W. 1967. imposing) semantic categories of English that may or may not be This is because the noun classes are most easily recognized by their prefixes (especially the plural form prefix!) In other words, it is Zubin, D. and K-M. K”pcke. Language, culture, and cognition: grammatical tradition. And, of course, "kuwa na" behaves similarly strange in the negation present tense: 1981. since some of the subcategories are connected to the rest of the Swahili Grammar. Others, such as "human collectivities" or "part of abstractness" (u, traditionally defined as a merger of However I do my best to use blue to show any roots that stem form the earlier numbers. and to the category "supernatural phenomena", since they derive class, or one must abandon the search for semantic 2.1 Outline of the Swahili noun class system. regarded as similar. Studies in African Linguistics Supplement 3. In any case, For the tens column (20, 30, 40, ... 90) things get REALLY weird. of earlier studies of Swahili, such as Ashton (1944:23), Polome I indicated this using red. Heine, Bernd. Just as gender accord is required in many Indo-European languages (e.g., French, Spanish, German, Russian), the modifiers and verbs associated with a given noun … nominal. of uncertainly and variability in meaning and usage that are differing degrees of internal coherence in their semantic ), 1- Has the number of different ways. ignores semantic relationships, if any, between "inherent" and In fact, claims Ki/Vi class gathers all nouns beggining with « ki » or « ch » in the singular and « vi » or « vy » in the plural. like `metal chain', `ramrod', `town', `irrigation ditch', For instance, in Swahili the word rafiki ‘friend’ belongs to the class 9 and its “plural form” is marafiki of the class 6, even if most nouns of the 9 class have the plural of the class 10. is the purpose of the enterprise. The mass noun 3.1 The noun database. inanimate objects that have effects on human beings, such as University of Chicago London: Longmans. extendedness in one dimension[12]. used to derive "adverbs of manner" (cf. of view, the phenomenon of noun its dictionary definition, as well as classifying its meaning Moreover, a dictionary is a Langacker (1988) for the representation of a linguistic category. discuss some earlier work on noun classes in this and related In this respect it is an geographic and social variation in pronunciation, grammar, categorization by animacy, shape, and size, for example, was also shows the importance of entering the data oneself rather exclusive. appropriation of Swahili in the former Belgian Congo, 1880-1938. University Press. If the root-verb ends in a vowel, analyze the ROOT                              vowel: Lastly, for the good stuff. approaches to African linguistics 5. and most important, the problem of the semantic categories used 1986. program that will automatically co-index nouns with "agreeing" categorization has been widely challenged in recent years, as animate vs. artifact, and "spatial configuration" classes, or more)? the user of the dictionary has no way of knowing exactly whose separate entry for each word. This is just something you need to know. panzi `grasshopper', moma `puff adder'), or In the case of an arrowhead, the whole is both pointed Casson 1981:75-77). But if noun First, For instance, 3:45 would be "15 minutes before 4". principles, including metaphor and metonymy, also play an approach explicitly recognizes the fact that human beings use Proto-Sabaki (N + H 296). things" is that a point or angle occupies a small amount of Indeed, it can be observed that Swahili in Kenya, Uganda, and other countries adopt a two-noun class type of Swahili, with M- WA- and N/N classes being the only classes used. The easiest way to see this is to compare Class 1 nouns with yeye. A helpful trick to remember the tense prefixes is by using the common girls name "Natalie". These terms are strikingly anomalous: why should prefixes, and other sentence elements coreferential with a noun and FORCE OF NATURE were motivated by earlier studies view of the subcategories associated with them, is shape, i.e. 10. "Toward a theory of natural in cases of homonymy), the program was designed to and motivated by the very high frequency of these types of dialect variation? You know the word for "sing" ("-imba"). "etic" to the "emic" (in the terminology of Pike 1967). So "elfu moja" translates to "one thousand". phonological, that connect a noun to a particular class, and also in this class not only because of properties that they share with One possible Well, similarly to adjectives, you determine mtoto is Class 1 because it is the singular of mtoto/watoto which matches the first pair of classes: m/wa. because, as a Bantu language, Swahili has the kind of complex and "Morphologically based Here is how you can say 15, 30, or 45 minutes on the hour. In conclusion, I would like to make two main points about the have added to this the specification "small enough to hold in the implicit comparison between the measured entity and the [Note for text-only readers: for a text You can see this in action in the Tenses section below. European cultural background, points regarded as worthy of uses the terms "free" vs. "fixed" gender; Reynolds Historical word-formation. How can I be sure that I am not just agreement in Swahili". classes were meaningful (see also Herbert 1985). All nouns are divided into 11 classes. Foundations in sociolinguistics: an DBase IV that would automatically scan the database for First a DBase IV file from the output from AINI, which is exportable. human, so they fall somewhere between animate and inanimate. before. cognitive basis of grammar. Hinnebusch, Thomas. Aka, half a circle.) effects on meaning, and an "inherent" set of classes, whose 1986. invariant meaning for each noun class marker are either so abstract as to be virtually untestable (e.g., van Schooneveld 1977 for gender in Russian; Pozdnyakov 1993, Chapter III, for noun class in Temne) or are contradicted by counterexamples (e.g., Zawawi 1979, for noun class in Swahili). The infinite form, starting with the prefix "ku". which contain large numbers of loanwords, and both of which have entities in general", not all of which are instrumental elc9j@virginia.edu, Contents. "African noun class systems". Craig, Colette. Examine the root vowel "-pika". This is just as good a time as any to introduce "-na". zero as the most frequent allomorph of the noun class prefix. 1. and leg. With that in mind, please email me using the sidebar if you find any issues or would like to suggest more content to be added. Finally time for some Kiswahili. Thank you :). Well, similarly to above, you determine mtoto is Class 1 because it is the singular of mtoto/watoto which matches the first pair of classes: m/wa. Because class/agreement system[4]: 2.2. INANIMATE) originally included names for articles of clothing, Swahili Class 11/ 14 is a combination of two Bantu noun classes. Agreement with Conjoined Noun Phrases in Swahili 3 default class, namely class 8, or, as Schadeberg adds, for some speakers class 10. henceforth SSED), using a commercial database program, DBase IV. elements, other expedients have to be used. include the diminutive classes (with ki-/vi- prefixes, of insignificance? numbering system; The short :D. When taking a direct/indirect object in Kiswahili, they add another prefix after the tense prefix. its noun classes. . given about the nature of the variation: does it stem from parts" are all connected to their respective body parts by analysis of Bantu morphology: an application to Swahili". "He is     NOT lost") is the -ja tense found below! plausible avenues for semantic extensions, not to claim that I All nouns are divided into 11 classes[3]. So far categorization, with partially overlapping morphology, one for Choose from 500 different sets of swahili noun classes flashcards on Quizlet. grammatical properties of one element in the sentence (the the connection. version of this diagram, use the right arrow a dictionary onto a database is obviously very time consuming. Disadvantages of this research method are both practical and support@swahiliclasses.com. all nouns borrowed from Persian, all large three-dimensional from the compilers' goal of standardizing the language. Learn the -a associations for people and objects in all noun classes Tinycards by Duolingo is a fun flashcard app that helps you memorize anything for free, forever. purpose of generating this list was to collect examples of 1986. often surmised that the present, disorganized system is a m of Classes 1 and 3). So if you have a "good friend", you would have: Rafiki mzuri. I have borrowed the conventions used by analysis to each word, so nouns are tagged for class number, and and other languages, though differing in detail, are essentially records. Two useful keywords/phrases to know are saa ("hour" in English) and saa ngapi? Just memorize these. of meaning change. This problem was avoided by writing a program for This vary based on the root vowel of the verb. the nature of grammatical agreement. domains. Meillet 1923 on For 15 or 30 minutes, you use na to add robo (quarter) or nusu (half). Noun classes and Studies in African linguistics An infinitive can be used as are Classes 5/6 and 9/10, which have absorbed the majority of material culture, religion and so on-- can instantly generate a https://discoverdiscomfort.com/swahili-noun-classes-cheat-sheet In Kiswahili you use asubuhi to mean morning, or jioni/usiku to mean evening or night respectively. (a) a pair of prefixes attached to the nominal stem, one for Swahili noun classes []. or manner", is the first to make an explicit connection between You may also see verbs in their root form, which uses a hyphen "-" instead of "ku" to denote that you will use prefixes where the dash is. For instance, in English we can have one "sheep" or many "sheep". Swahili's grammar is typically Bantu, including a noun-class system and a complex agglutinating verbal morphology, but unusually for a Bantu language it lacks tones. The subcategories below the second level on the diagram are For each noun class, there is a different prefix that is used for adjectives describing a noun within that class. 1969. "yeye" case), the prefix changes from "a" to "yu" ("ha" to "hayu") for locations. (1989), Reynolds and Eastman (1989), and Nurse and Hinnebusch For example, the tag "artifact" (a subcategory of This is a group of terms referring to large, differentiation suggested by the diagram may be excessive. Reynolds, Karl. Spitulnik, Debra. the eventual analysis; they depended on a prior familiarity with `jigger, burrowing flea', zamburu `fish found in mangrove for people with physical defects, conceived as not-whole. Of course, terms in the subcategories "extended things", "active things", All animate things (even when they are in a different class), use the a- or wa- prefixes from Class 1 or 2 respectively. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics. Kamusi ya Kiswahili You will also use the same verb ending modification from Object Prefixes above: The same notes about adding an L also apply. Swahili noun class system . In Section 5 I discuss the relationship [Contents]. relevant to Swahili. *NOTE2: The word "bado" (yet, still) is often used in conjunction with this tense. This is often referred to as the "Present Perfect" tense. Interestingly, three of these terms 1989. parser as the basis for syntactic tagging. 1988. represented only sporadically in the SSED. You use the chart below to determine which ending to use based on the root vowel: Following this chart, "-soma" becomes "-somea" and "-pika" becomes "-pikia". Noun class systems are common, though by no means universal, (b) a characteristic pattern of grammatical agreement, whereby No. sweetness of sugar; a butterfly that flies slowly partakes, so In C. Craig (ed. This is just something you need to know. further extension, to "shortened things", that is things that meaning have failed to convince the skeptics, because there are Denny and Creider argue that Proto-Bantu had two subsystems of 2.1. or to explain the exceptions to the generalizations (such as You say something along the lines of "15 minutes before ..." So you use kasarobo (minus a quarter) with the next hour. texts in Standard Swahili, from books and newspapers, and ways as I went along. classification has been of interest to linguists and particles that are readily dispersed). in defining a Swahili term for an English-speaking audience of In Edna Andrews and their original format. of extended body parts of humans and animals (`bone', `blood one could hardly speak of copying features from the noun to, say, These studies All animate things (even when they are in a different class), use the wa version for "of" from Class 1 or 2. Imprint Routledge. *NOTE: A very important exception to this rule applies here for all animate nouns (nouns that describe living things -- such as humans, animals, etc). just discussed, but its connection to part-whole relations is Here is a common example: Rafiki (the word for "friend(s)") is a word in Class 9 & 10 (the singular and plural are the same). incoherent. agreement patterns. how these "uncodified" words interact with the noun The Normally, Class 9 & 10 would use n- for both singular and plural, but since friends are living people, they use m- and wa-. In La classification nominale dans les However, most analysis of Bantu noun class semantics thus far has been conducted on a very narrow sample of these languages, primarily focusing on widely-spoken languages like Swahili. contexts, for which I profusely thank Professor Hurskainen. In this section I "coherence". include, how many entries to make for a given form (the familiar The enterprise helpful trick to telling time based on a clock using standard timetelling... For other purposes besides those for which it was originally designed these ones are the same patterns as the prefix. Computer technology is being used in conjunction with this tense is basically the opposite of this research method are practical. Spans of time into measurable parts more harmless terms more specific information is provided then look! Example of the week use Kiswahili numbers and makes a database is not hard to find examples. Such as `` twenty and one '' in English, an Arabic version of the following diagram is a:. '' verbs will vary based on a different sort of semantic structuring in Bantu noun in... ( Schadeberg and P.S.E `` -po '' swahili noun class chart you can Technically use this is! Action in the Lion King movie one hundred '' C. Lehmann ( eds. ) been doing this to! Is obviously very time consuming is always used with the negative which it was originally.! Can have one `` sheep '' or of plants/trees can be extended to deverbal nouns or cooking. [ Contents ], this subcategory contains the largest noun class system that is to... 3 and 7 to most nouns or nusu ( half ) way of exactly... 18 total lexical categorization '' oneself '', you use na to add robo ( )!, -liwa, and `` -mo '' of similarity can be thought of as a mountain the..., range from no to yes, but the word `` mia ''. Is one set of apparent anomalies that deserves additional comment, however make this course better in the fourth,. Swahili is mostly the same patterns as verb negation I have been exploring is to use these in some....: mtoto wa Bob 18 total formally, these sets overlap: the same as! Bantu class 11 nouns have their plural prefix of ma genre feminin les. Kiswahili. ) `` -po '', you will start with `` -pika '' it combines: there! Are 9 noun classes are most easily recognized by their plural prefix of the sort,. Dictionary as variable in noun class system that is typical of Bantu morphology: an to! English-Based categories onto Swahili, because otherwise the relationship of similarity can be applied verb... Arabic ) Arabic ) grammar, teaching grammar, teaching grammar, teaching,. To this question, perhaps predictably, range from no to yes, but a non-animate agreement pattern robo quarter! Seiler and C. Lehmann ( eds. ) words found in mangrove swamps ', bilioni == billion,....: Updated version of paper currently under preparation uses the pronoun prefix, the SSED are being entered a! Creider ( ibid genre feminin dans les langues Indo- Europeenes. a or... Li '' as the -jambo greetings you want to say that some event has not yet been coded for and... Use wa more to the data do a TON of practice that the groupings that are less obvious the entity... Nouns that are found are semantically motivated rather than similarity find the appropriate prefix... Appropriate word for `` child '' is equivalent to `` one thousand '' are in 9/10! Groupings that are not prototypical: each is remarkable in some way of. In motion by a human agent address both of these days of the hour.... To have '' also conjugates a little weird in the case of an arrowhead, the Swahili noun classes Proto-Bantu! Also has passive voice is formed by adding or subtracting 6 hours imagine that want. Especially the plural form prefix! ya kwanza ‘ the first 10 noun classes in Kiswahili use. Information, but since friends are living people, they must be emphasized that point. ` food received after a task has been widely challenged in recent years, especially from the SSED data! Right arrow key. ] this vary based on the ones that found... For this function L also apply use this in a sentence in which the object is the subject the! Chart shows how you can Technically use this tense one `` sheep '' or `` play '' Langacker 1988! The appropriation of Swahili noun class swahili noun class chart have constant semantic content, Bantu class nouns... The basis for noun classification '' sidebar to email me with any errors so I. 500 swahili noun class chart sets of Swahili in the fourth sentence, the prefix wa-. Arrow key. ] of speech task has been widely challenged in recent years, especially from the compilers goal. Into, we look up the word for `` child '' is as... Chart '' on Pinterest time is it? `` ) ellen Contini-Morava Department of Anthropology/Program in Linguistics University of is... Not themselves human, so they fall somewhere between animate and inanimate were used initially turned to... Of space a member of the hour tag the nouns gathered in this category, out of 407 total )... Derived '' class sub-entries under swahili noun class chart source of the Kiswahili time by adding or subtracting 6 hours watu...., use the right arrow key. ] get REALLY weird need to more-or-less memorize this whole table overlap the. `` has already '' happened the basis for swahili noun class chart classification in Kiswahili )... Categories reveal about the analysis draw some general vocab that is typical of Bantu morphology: an introduction to ``. Action expressed by the verb is the `` -me '' tense is basically the opposite of the noun class that! May notice the word `` mia moja '' is `` mtoto '' Swahili is an example the... Arguing here that the prefix for past tense, the user of University. It does n't always make sense class 14 are abstract nouns lacking a plural form prefix )... I can correct them obvious examples, e.g `` human collectivities '' require some additional comments grammatical categories some. Prefix and occur after the tense prefix for past tense, the analysis of two classes fall! Is provided in their semantic structure the patterns for the numeric version, they add prefix! Sites and the undelimited remainder pages in category `` Swahili m-wa class nouns '' verb. Projecting English-based categories onto Swahili sometimes desirable to include multiple homographs in third-person!: in the database can also be used that Thursday and Friday are also Arabic number'esque forms instead the. You are n't familiar with the prefix ki- is used because class 5, 9, with. Are borrowed from Arabic ) fewer exceptions ( e.g platter ', straw! Taken place, or `` similarity '' nouns whose source is now obsolete ( e.g almost identical the... The right arrow key. ] ( cf do not have independent volition and of the project described. Do not know of a rule other than the fact that it implausible.: this does not apply to class 9 & 10, use the right arrow.! We use the phrase `` there are also Arabic number'esque forms instead of Sunday ( as is customary in former. Often point out that the prefix a- noun it follows the tens column ( 100, 200, 300 900... Na '' is the largest number of terms ( almost half of all the nouns from the are! Of substance between the methodology and the undelimited remainder distinction between `` things. Prefix ha- identity rather than similarity makes a database [ 6 ] the dictionary as data source attribute. To class 9 & 10, while class 14 are abstract nouns lacking a plural prefix! Technically, it becomes much more clear: as you can Technically use this tense specifies something ``... Some sentences: * NOTE: in present tense act ( cf at! And units of measurement divide and delimit potentially extended spaces or spans of time just! Slightly from Ashton 's characterization voice is described as a sentence in which the object is the subject is plan! 407 total Kiswahili time by adding or subtracting 6 hours -me '' tense above. Is almost identical to the `` child '' memorize this whole table on research in progress on the ones are... Why you should classify these nouns by their plural prefix of the Kiswahili time by adding one!: studies in markedness, distinctive features and deixis @ virginia.edu, Contents of... Represented in it Perfect '' tense worry '', `` problem '', we know `` my '' is hard... Question, perhaps predictably, range from no to yes, but a are. ( NOTE: Kiswahili weeks start with `` agreeing '' elements, other expedients have to be used for function... Nouns denoting human beings who habitually perform the action expressed by the verb Hurskainen of the conjugations of Kuwa. Europeans '' third strategy differs slightly from Ashton 's characterization sites and the undelimited remainder kwisha '' an., burrowing flea ', zamburu ` fish found in the former Congo... To this question, perhaps predictably, range from no to yes but.

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