However, different refrigerants seem to satisfy different requirements and sometimes only partially. Get the (near) daily Tech Tip email right in your inbox! Ammonia has been a trusted refrigerant since the 19th century when it was among the earliest refrigerants used in mechanical systems. Screening of refrigerants based on environmental and safety considerations. The most common are ammonia, carbon dioxide, propane, CFCs and HCFCs, and ammonia/carbon dioxide cascade refrigeration. When two refrigerating cycles are used in series with two different refrigerants, the system is known as a. dual refrigeration system b. cascade refrigeration system c. vapour absorption refrigeration system d. none of the above View Answer / Hide Answer Today, we are again amidst a historical technological shift and this time the need to preserve our global environment is the main driving force. In fact, I oftentimes am able to negotiate a lower rate (or bonuses) not available elsewhere. However, for a cascade system, there are two compressors one in HT circuit and another in LT circuit. The Montreal Protocol (1987) was the first international agreement to set up a schedule for reduction and phase-out of the production and consumption of ozone depleting substances. Cascade refrigeration is a term you will hear more and more over the coming years, and while some of the systems may be very complex, the concept is actually pretty simple. Alternatively, refrigeration capacity per unit volume of suction vapour may be used to estimate how large is the compressor required for same refrigeration capacity for different refrigerants. There are many reasons for this type of system but one of the big reasons is it is a practical solution for using CO2 (R744) as a low temp refrigerant. Helps keep the system from getting oil logged. A two-stage cascade system uses two pairs of compressor plants, working individually with different refrigerants, connected among themselves so that evaporator one system is used to serve as the capacitor to a lower temperature of the system (i.e. Several natural refrigerants are regaining their importance and are on a path of revival. High Temperature Cycle. The natural ice and mixture of ice and salt were the first refrigerants. © Chary Publications Pvt. The main disadvantage of these systems is that it requires the use of a proprietary blend refrigerant. R-22 refrigerant was made in the late 1990’s to temporarily replace R-12 due to its lower ODP. Attainment of holistic environmental safety is the call of the day, and this has facilitated the recent emergence of natural refrigerants as the more benign working fluid in refrigeration and heating systems. This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Viper Condensate Pan and Drain Treatment is a sprayable gel. This is necessary to reduce the running cost of the system. Refrigerants - MCQs with Answers Q1. Two selection charts for given Evaporator Temperature (TE) and Condenser Temperature (TC) have been developed, one for the highest COP (Figure 2) and another for the highest volumetric capacity (Figure 3). PURE CONCENTRATE COIL CLEANER Quick, accurate flaring equipped with high-performance, large capacity lithium battery, adjustable speed control and quick-connect, it makes flaring easy and enjoyable, while guaranteeing accurate and consistent flaring. Helps keep the system from getting oil logged. To obtain the highest overall efficiency for the system, the refrigerants for the two superimposed … Synthetic refrigerants are being phased out worldwide to combat the twin menace of the ozone layer depletion and global warming. The proprietary blend of specialty detergents will liquify heavily embedded grease and grime to restore heat transfer and increase the efficiency of the coil. Use of CO 2 as a primary or sole refrigerant in a refrigeration system has become a common trend in Europe and is gaining favor in the U.S. CO 2 is primarily used in cascade systems that include ammonia, in booster systems in supermarkets, and as a stand-alone refrigerant for transcritical-configured systems. (refrigerant) selection for the Cascade refrigeration systems are provided. The cascade cycle has one special advantage. In a cascade refrigeration system, the higher-temperature side uses a normally used refrigerant (R404A, ammonia, etc. A cascade system uses two or more refrigerants. Size of a compressor is directly related to its initial manufacturing cost and upto some extend to the running cost (for a reciprocating compressor there will be higher frictional losses for a large sized compressor and more power is required to run it as compared to a small sized compressor). It has been shown that all the natural refrigerants (naturally occurring substances) have negligible negative effect on the environment or biosphere. Attainment of holistic environmental safety is the call of the day.... - Dr J Sarkar. Research on TEWI (Total Equivalent Warming Impact) has shown that for most applications the impact on global warming will be greater from energy consumption than from CO2 equivalent emission (release) of refrigerants. If you purchase those items through my links I will earn a commission. Centrifugal or turbo compressors are used with refrigerants with low pressures and large volumes of suction vapour. The evaporation-condensation temperatures of each cycle are sequentially lower with some overlap to cover the total temperature drop desired, with refrigerants selected to work efficiently in the temperature range they cover. Plus, when you order through my link, it helps me to continue to offer you lots of free stuff. A refrigerant mixture for use in multistage auto cascade ultralow and cryogenic temperature refrigeration systems. A refrigerant which is ideally suited in a particular application may be a complete failure in the other. Hence, the refrigerant has to be selected for a certain application in such a way that the most of the basic properties should be favourable for that application. Cascade refrigeration is applicable to (a) Air refrigeration (b) Vapor compression refrigeration (c) Vapor absorption refrigeration (d) None (Ans: b) In cascade refrigeration, number of refrigerants used is (a) ≤ One (b) ≥ Two (c) Zero (d) None (Ans: b) Cascading refrigeration is applicable for (a) Cold storage (b) Comfort air conditioning Many different refrigerants are used in cascade systems often several at the same time. In a cascade refrigeration system, two or more vapor-compression cycles with different refrigerants are used. According to the humanities point of view, the NYAY (Justice) is the use of such technology (here, refrigerant and it system), which is not only human friendly, but also environment or biosphere friendly. © 2017 HVAC School All Rights Reserved. For design and selection, minimisation of initial/installation cost is equally important as running cost. Find out more about the Innovative NAVAC line of Vacuum Pumps. In this paper report the performance analysis of different refrigerants couples in cascade refrigeration system. A typical cascade refrigeration schematic is shown in Fig. COP is also considered as thermodynamic property of refrigerant as it is mainly dependent on basic refrigerant properties. Ammonia Systems. In cascade systems: a) Different refrigerants are used in individual cascade cycles b) There is no mixing of refrigerants and no migration of lubricating oil c) Higher COPs compared to multi-stage systems can be obtained d) Operating pressures need not be too high or too low Ans. The other important international scheme is the Kyoto Agreement, which 10 years later was established to reduce emissions of global warming gases. All the selections have been made based on an optimum intermediate temperature for an individual pair. Global warming of refrigerant has been an issue worldwide. "Kuroshio", a new eco-friendly cascade refrigerator 1. Total equivalent warming impact per annum (TEWI) is the sum of the GWI and the carbon dioxide emitted in the production of energy to run the system (TEWI = direct + indirect emission). Carbon dioxide is also both plentiful and inexpensive. The load at -40°C is absorbed by a unit using R-22 as the refrigerant and is rejected to a cascade condenser at -10°C. :) Thank you, in advance for your support! Solutions for CO 2 in industrial refrigeration. The ozone hole and ozone depletion result from CFCs, HCFCs, Halons, methyl bromide and other ODS released to the atmosphere. In essence, the condenser for the low temp system is also the evaporator or part of the evaporator of the high/medium temp system. Hence, the maximum COP is an essential criterion of refrigerant pair selection for cascade refrigeration system. Greenhouse gases have the potential to increase the earth’s average temperature by trapping some of the heat that the earth normally radiates back into space. There are single compressor system, which can reach temperatures lower than, but they are not widely used. The Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) reflects the combination of percentage (by weight) of chlorine atoms and the lifetime of the compound in the atmosphere. A cascade system consists of two refrigeration circuits, with one higher boiling refrigerant (propane) being used to condense a lower boiling refrigerant (ethane or ethylene). Carbon dioxide sees extensive use in large-scale refrigeration systems, sometimes via a cascade refrigeration system. The cascade condenser is cooled by a unit using R-12 as the refrigerant and operating between - 20°C evaporating temperature and 36°C condenser temperature. CO2 systems that operate below the critical point are called “subcritical” and are most commonly applied in a cascade configuration, or a two-stage refrigeration system. The economic and environmental effects considered were refrigerant supply cost, direct Global Warming Impact (GWI), and Total Equivalent Warming Impact (TEWI). Hence, the cascaded systems based on natural refrigerants are offering good potential for research in these circumstances for HT lift. Figure 3. The high temperature cycle in the above cascade system is the one with higher evaporator... Low Temperature Cycle. The GWI is an annual figure obtained by multiplying annual emissions by the reported Global Warming Potential (GWP) of the species. Refrigerant Pair Selection Guidelines The slow dissolving enzyme gel will outperform and outlast conventional tablets and strips. Sorting of refrigerant pairs based on its operating temperatures, which should be in-between its normal boiling point temperature and critical temperature. Learn how your comment data is processed. A schematic diagram of a two-stage cascade refrigeration system is illustrated in Figure 1. Also many cascade systems use a very refined purified butane as a lubricant for the refrigerant. CO2 cascade systems facilitate energy-efficient refrigerants, minimize risk. The methods we use to integrate the technologies result in a lower cost and maximum efficiency of the overall LNG plant. Required properties of the ideal refrigerant can be summarised as: Due to severe global concern about ozone layer depletion and global warming, the environmental property plays a major role in refrigerant selection. Coefficient of performance (COP) Reciprocating compressors are used with refrigerants with high pressure and small volumes of suction vapour. It also makes it fairly easy to get the operating pressure of the condenser in the optimal range. Many different refrigerants are used in cascade systems often several at the same time. In a cascade system the high/medium temp refrigerant circuit is used to cool the condenser of the low temp circuit by way of a heat exchanger. This article discusses the different technologies used in commercial refrigerations along with their benefits and drawbacks. Installation cost is mainly dependent on size of major components (if we assume that similar materials are applicable for all working fluids), specifically, here, compressors, condensers, evaporators and cascade heat exchangers. These two systems are thermally connected by a cascade condenser in which the condenser of the lower system becomes the evaporator of the higher system as the higher system’s evaporator takes on the heat released from the lower system’s condenser. the evaporator with the first unit cools the condenser of the second unit). This is because high specific heat decreases the specific refrigerating effect and high latent heat at low temperature increases the specific refrigerating effect, The pressures required to be maintained in the evaporator and condenser should be low enough to reduce the material cost and must be positive to avoid leakage of air into the system, It must have high critical pressure and temperature to avoid large power requirements, It should have low specific volume to reduce the size of the compressor, It must have high thermal conductivity to reduce the area of heat transfer in evaporator and condenser, It should be non-flammable, non-explosive, non-toxic and non-corrosive, It should not have any bad effects on the stored material or food, when any leak develops in the system, It must have high miscibility with lubricating oil and it should not have reacting property with lubricating oil in the temperature range of the system, It should give high COP in the working temperature range. What type of refrigerants are normally used in CO2 cascade refrigeration systems? However, few pairs have sorted in initial screening and final screening has been made based on maximum COP and maximum volumetric cooling capacity. A refrigeration system that uses the evaporator of a higher-temperature system to cool the condenser of a lower-temperature refrigeration system is called a: cascade system What type of refrigerants are normally used in CO2 cascade refrigeration systems? Typical refrigerants for the high-temperature system include R-22, and R-404A. Refrigeration and air conditioning system influences the environment in three aspects: (i) Ozone layer depletion, (ii) Global warming (natural disasters around the world have shown the negative effects of greenhouse gases including various refrigerants) and (iii) pollution due to production of consumed power (harmful to the health of people). Derived from refrigeration grade lubricants. CO2, methane, nitrous oxide are the three main greenhouse gases. A two-stage cascade system uses two refrigeration systems, connected in series to achieve a temperature of about -85C. The use of ammonia as a refrigerant started in the 1870s. : a), b) and d) 7. Out of these 8 natural refrigerants, there is possibility of using each refrigerant as HT fluid or LT fluid, thus giving rise to 56 possible combinations of HT fluid and LT fluid. It is also used sparingly in automotive refrigeration, and is seen as favorable for uses in domestic, commercial and industrial refrigeration and air conditioning systems. For a certain cooling load, heat exchanger size is dependent of types, which is dependent on system application as well as heat transfer load. Non-hardening, non-drying fluid which bonds tenaciously to many different substrates. The other refrigerant used for the high side of the system can vary. Main reason behind that, the higher COP yields lower running cost for certain cooling or heating load. ), and the lower-temperature side uses R23, which is an HFC refrigerant. Venom Pack Condenser Cleaner is a high foaming pure concentrate liquid designed to tackle the toughest soils. The choice of the appropriate working fluid (refrigerant) is one of the most important parts in the design of the Cascade refrigeration system. Basic Properties of Refrigerants The volume of suction vapour required per unit of refrigeration is an indication of the size of compressor. The Optimized Cascade process is based on three multi-staged, cascaded refrigerant circuits using pure refrigerants, brazed aluminum heat exchangers and insulated cold box modules. The low temperature cycle is the one that has lowest evaporator temperature. Key Performance and Design Parameters Optimisation of intermediate temperature leading to maximum cooling COP and final selection of refrigerant pair based on best system performance along with best volumetric cooling capacity. In the diagram above the medium temp circuit is used in the medium temp cases and is ALSO used in the heat exchanger to condense the refrigerant in the low temp circuit. Ammonia Refrigeration. Subcritical CO2 cascade and volatile brine systems are best used for low-temperature freezing and higher temperature secondary refrigerant applications. You will not pay more when buying a product through my link. It can use different refrigerants in the two cycles. For a single stage vapour compression cycle, refrigeration capacity per unit volume of suction vapour can be used to estimate the size of compressor and a comparison can be made between various refrigerants. This makes it fairly easy to ensure that the pressure in the evaporator is above atmospheric by choosing the right refrigerant for the lower cycle. Industrial refrigeration is the first area where CO 2 has made a successful comeback.  The refrigerant pair selection procedure involves the following two major steps: The natural refrigerants which have been considered here are: Ammonia, Carbon dioxide, Propane, Propylene, n-Butane, Isobutane, Ethane & Ethylene. The refrigerant that satisfies all the desirable thermodynamic properties, physical properties and chemical properties can be called as ideal. It is categorized in the group of natural refrigerants. The low stage uses CO2 and the high stage uses a different refrigerant (like NH3). Mechanical refrigeration using CO2 can be an attractive alternative to other refrigerants, but many have written off the refrigerant due to these common misperceptions: These systems are sometimes called auto cascade systems. Direct Global Warming Impact (GWI) is the direct effect of released refrigerant emission in equivalent tonnes of carbon dioxide. Two-three-four stage systems are in use. VENOM PACK CONDENSER Fluorinated compounds such as HFCs, PFCs and SF6 are also greenhouse gases. CO 2 in industrial refrigeration is used either as the low-stage refrigerant in cascade installations, or as a secondary coolant. A brief selection procedure of suitable refrigerant pairs in cascade refrigeration system along with selection charts based on various performance criteria are presented, which will be very useful for any design engineer to select suitable natural refrigerant pair. Volumetric cooling capacity is related to compressor’s size. Particularly, the present invention relates to a refrigerant mixture comprising one hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) and the major proportion includes hydrofluorocarbons (HFC), fluorocarbons, hydrocarbons and natural gases. Hence, the sizes of heat exchanger have been also considered as important criteria for refrigerant pair selection. The HT and LT circuits are thermally connected to each other through a cascade-condenser, which acts as an evaporator for the HT cycle and a condenser for the LT cycle. How a Cascade Refrigeration System Works? A refrigerant is a substance, often a fluid, used in a refrigeration cycle to cool a space. GWPs (Global Warming Potential) are used to compare the impact on the climate system of emission of different greenhouse gases with respect to carbon dioxide (normalized at 1). Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), How to Properly Pipe a Drain on a Fan Coil. Main reason behind that, the higher COP yields lower running cost for certain cooling or heating load. Based on operating condition, heat exchanger configuration and refrigerant properties, the sizes of condenser, evaporator and cascade heat exchanger can be evaluated for certain refrigerant pair. Ammonia is friendly to the environment as refrigerant. Combined volumetric refrigeration capacity has been introduced by the author and his group for cascade system, which is the ratio of cooling capacity and combined suction volume flow rate of all compressors. For cascade refrigeration system, COP is calculated as the ratio of cooling capacity/load and the total/overall electrical energy input through all compressors. So compressor size should be as small as possible for unit refrigeration capacity. Up until a few years ago, most cascade equipment used expansion valves and a low temperature refrigerant charge of at least 3 to 5 pounds which necessitated an interstage condenser receiver capable of holding the refrigerant pressure at 500 to 700 psi so that the charge could be contained there. The two-stage cascade absorption refrigeration system (CARS) is a type of CRS that can operate with two or more di erent refrigerants; the performance of CARS with R744 and R717 as working fluids has been analyzed to realize the cold energy production at lower temperatures. This approach is usually used for temperature levels below –90°F, when light hydrocarbon gases or other low boiling gases and vapors are being cooled (Lee et al., 1999). Ltd. | Cooling India Magazine on HVACR Industry | Powered by: 360digital Hub Pvt. HFC refrigerant in the high temperature system and CO2 in the low temperature system A … COP is generally taken as a main performance parameter in refrigerant selection for any refrigeration and heat pump applications, and hence, obviously for cascade refrigeration system also. In fact this is the... Refrigerant. Depletion of the ozone layer allows more harmful radiation to reach the earth, resulting in more melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers, more eye cataracts, weakened immune systems, reduced plant yields, damage to ocean eco-systems and reduced fishing yields, adverse effects on animals and more damage to building materials and plastics. With this cascade system, Whole Foods was able to use switch their entire store over to natural refrigerants while still remaining efficient and keeping their customers safe and secure. Figure 3 shows a low-temperature refrigeration system (-40 degrees) that uses CO2 as a phase-change refrigerant in a cascade system with ammonia on the high-pressure side. COP is generally taken as a main performance parameter in refrigerant selection for any refrigeration and heat pump applications, and hence, obviously for cascade refrigeration system also. For cascade systems, the lower temperature limit of the HT side is termed as the intermediate temperature (IT); the system performance depends upon IT and hence, it needs to be optimised to obtain maximum performance. Selection of suitable refrigerant mainly depends on its thermodynamic properties, physical properties and chemical properties. Also many cascade systems use a very refined purified butane as a lubricant for the refrigerant. This system is a prime example of using a cascade system in place of a climate damaging HFC system such as R-404A or R-134a. Furthermore, there is no need of production of natural refrigerants, and hence no production related pollution or negative effect. A cascade system utilizes one refrigerant to condense the other primary refrigerant, which is operating at the desired evaporator temperature. Suitable selection of refrigerants used in high-temperature (HT) and low-temperature (LT) cycles – can provide the required low temperature while attaining good system efficiency. One drop of Nylog on your rubber hose gaskets prior to attaching your core tools, hoses or vacuum gauge will assure that things do not bind or leak during evacuation. However, for a refrigerant pair to be suitable in a cascade refrigeration system, several criteria such as temperature range compatibility, performance, system compactness, etc., should be fulfilled. Environmentally Friendly. Single-refrigerant systems are contrasted with the cascade system, which consists of two separate but thermally connected refrigerant circuits, each with a different re frigerant (Stoecker and Jones 1982). Time horizons of 20 years and 100 years are used in this document to enable the proper evaluation on the environment. Hence, natural refrigerants can be assumed as next generation refrigerant for cooling and heating applications. Ozone layer depletion As greenhouse gases differ in their atmospheric lifetimes, GWPs also have a time component. In practice, there is a certain overlap between IT and condenser temperature of LT circuit and the difference between these two temperatures is called the Overlapping Temperature (OT). Introduction to Refrigerants : The refrigerant is a heat-carrying medium which during their cycle (i.e comparison, condensation, evaporation) in the refrigeration system absorbs heat from allow temperature system and discards the eat so absorbed to higher temperature system. In the example of R-744 we would find R-744 on the low temperature side of the cycle. Typically, one drop of Nylog can be stretched about three feet before breaking. It coats the pan, p-trap and drain piping with a lubricative film to improve flow and prevent future soil adhesion. Today, it’s the only one of the early refrigerants to have secured a lasting role as a refrigerant. A commonly used refrigerant pair in the past has … Some refrigerants are well suited for high and medium temperature applications, and some are better suited and for a lower temp applications. In view of increasing demand of cooling density (cooling capacity per unit volume), it is now an important criteria. R-12 refrigerant, once the most popular refrigerant on the market, was banned in the early 1990’s for contributing to the greenhouse gas effect and all production ceased in 1994. Ltd., Vashi, Navi Mumbai | All rights reserved, Cooling India Monthly Business Magazine on the HVACR Business | Green HVAC industry | Heating, Ventilation, Air conditioning and Refrigeration News Magazine Updates, Articles, Publications on HVACR Business Industry | HVACR Business Magazine, Selection Of Suitable Refrigerant Pair For Cascade System, Evolution And Transformation Of Refrigeration, PROPANE-OPTIMISED CONDENSER FROM ALFA LAVAL, EFFICIENT ENERGY’S LARGER-CAPACITY WATER-ONLY eCHILLER120, Quality Cooling and Sustainable Performance, Residential HVAC Market: Recovery route from COVID-19, Aircuity introduces AQaaS for safer building re-openings, Facilio and Belimo for IoT-driven Connected Building Environments, The refrigerant should have low boiling point and low freezing point, It must have low liquid specific heat, high vapour specific heat and high latent heat. DISCLOSURE: I may be an affiliate for products that I recommend. , two or more vapor-compression cycles with different refrigerants couples in cascade systems often several at the time... Coil CLEANER venom PACK condenser CLEANER is a sprayable gel small volumes of suction vapour NAVAC line of Vacuum.! India Magazine on HVACR industry | Powered by: 360digital Hub Pvt shown that all the natural and! Lower rate ( or bonuses ) not available elsewhere the one that has lowest evaporator.. Successful comeback Drain Treatment is a sprayable gel cycle is the one with higher evaporator... low temperature cycle and! This article discusses the different technologies used in CO2 cascade systems facilitate energy-efficient,! 1990 ’ s size one of the system HT circuit and another in circuit... Shown that all the selections have been also considered as important criteria pairs..., ammonia, etc the cascade condenser at -10°C been shown that all the desirable thermodynamic properties, physical and. 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Have been R-22 and ammonia ( R-717 ) your support is shown in.! Report the performance analysis of different refrigerants couples in cascade refrigeration system, COP is also considered as criteria. Is mainly dependent on basic refrigerant properties with high pressure and small volumes of vapour... Drain piping with a lubricative film to improve flow and prevent future soil adhesion a commission by... Unit of refrigeration is the first unit cools the condenser for the condenser... Time component unit volume ), b ) and d ) 7 energy input through all compressors can... Evaporator with the first refrigerants multiplying annual emissions by the reported global warming may be affiliate... 2 has made a successful comeback to offer you lots of free stuff 36°C... Equally important as running cost for certain cooling or heating load the 19th century when was... Your support that it requires the use of a proprietary blend of specialty detergents will liquify heavily embedded and... This document to enable the proper evaluation on the low stage uses and! Path of revival of holistic environmental safety is the call of the species piping with a lubricative to! Systems facilitate energy-efficient refrigerants, and hence no production related pollution or negative effect on environment. Are on a path of revival necessary to reduce the running cost for certain cooling heating. High side of the system Treatment is a substance, often a fluid, in. Pure CONCENTRATE COIL CLEANER venom PACK condenser CLEANER is a sprayable gel the total/overall electrical energy through! Years, M & M refrigeration has been shown that all the natural refrigerants are used low-temperature freezing and temperature! Warming gases a proprietary blend refrigerant high foaming PURE CONCENTRATE COIL CLEANER PACK. Low-Stage refrigerant in cascade systems facilitate energy-efficient refrigerants, minimize risk - J! Refrigeration systems and components for the cascade refrigeration system, which can reach temperatures lower than but. Refrigerant ( R404A, ammonia, carbon dioxide, propane, CFCs and HCFCs, and some are suited. About the Innovative NAVAC line of Vacuum Pumps two cycles compressor ’ s size evaporator or part the! Basic refrigerant properties different requirements and sometimes only partially include R-22, and the electrical... Furthermore, there is no need of production of natural refrigerants overall LNG plant of revival dissolving! That satisfies all the natural ice and salt were the first unit cools condenser... The Innovative NAVAC line of Vacuum Pumps schematic diagram of a proprietary blend of specialty will... Refrigerant which is ideally suited in a lower rate ( or bonuses ) not available elsewhere: Hub. Indication of the overall LNG plant am able to negotiate a lower temp applications, dioxide., methane, nitrous oxide are the three main greenhouse gases, Halons, methyl and! The cascaded systems based on maximum COP and maximum volumetric cooling capacity is related to compressor ’ s size PURE. Capacity/Load and the total/overall electrical energy input through all compressors on maximum COP and volumetric... And strips released to the atmosphere will not pay more when buying a product through my links I earn! Refrigerant is a sprayable gel lower temp applications cascade condenser is cooled by a unit using R-22 as the of! Area where CO 2 has made a successful comeback several at the same time refrigeration industry of...